fossil Not just marine organisms: Carboniferous 300-350MYA. In porous rock, like aquifer?
refine MOLYMOD hydrocarbons. Lightest vaporizes at room temp 20°C=68F; heavy viscous bitumen=tar.
LPG=propane(3C) - refrigerant, BBQ; butane(4C); NG methane+ethane. #1=kerosene, #2=diesel, heating
Petroleum refining basics
reserves Russia top gas. US & Canada shale gas.
peak 1970's conservation, 80's glut. 1973 OPEC oil embargo: Egypt/Syria Yom Kippur War
extraction Pumpjack lift liquid if pressure not flow all the way to surface.
Tertiary costly; seismic waves whales; ANWR drilling. How do oil pumps work?
spill Sperm whale largest toothed - endangered in gulf.
fracking Horizontal Shale Oil Drilling: fracking hype from Breitling Chemicals in slurry; HORIZONTAL well!
Dolostone Mazon Creek IRONSTONE nodules fossil.
unconventional Bitumen C rich H poor oily, viscous: Venezuela, Alberta. Keystone XL tar sands
Shale in Bakken N.Dakota not as deep: pyrolysis baked w hydrogen -> liquid petroleum, or burned like coal.
Keystone Pipeline Tar sands controversy: Keystone XL pipeline Tar sands pipeline spill risks (NRDC)
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U.S. has 1,713 rigs like the Deepwater Horizon oil spill 2010.

Pyrosomes colonial tunicates (sea squirt). Methane bacteria oxygen.

Killed 2,000 birds; >1,000 McCormick Place.

Bottom 24.4: While the health of the ecosystem may be better than expected, it is far from recovered a year later.

Marcellus Shale gas.